Assimilation of Native Americans Into Society Essay

How different would be the sensation of a philosophic capitulum to reflect that instead of exterminating a part of the hu firearm race by our modes of population that we had perseve redness th roughly all difficulties and at last had imparted our K no.eledge of cultivating and the arts, to the Aboriginals of the acres by which the source of future disembodied spirit and happiness had been preserved and ext finish. solely it has been conceived to be impracticable to civilize the Indians of North America This opinion is alike(p)ly more convenient than just. (Henry Knox to George Washington 1970s) Since the founding of The United States of America, the complication of relations with the indigenous subjective Americans has been prevalent. The opening quotation emphasizes the theme that our fathers grappled over what to do with the Indians since the founding of our country. Post colonial era inwrought Americans were discriminated against in a battle defined by the smock man ve rsus the red man.As American settlers and institutions expanded west contendd, the Indians were pu hurl aside non exclusively by containing them in reservations but were much disregarded as Americans from the civilized and ameliorate vacuous American. These prejudices even came from far up the totem pole in Washington. The political science in the 19th century American Government regarding the indigenous hoi polloi were defined by an era of the Americanization of the native American populate.This analytical research paper will address the issue of Native American culture and display how the efforts make by the American Government failed to shed a positive light on the indigenous deal. It will to a fault explore the founding of specific schools for Indian children, namely the Carlisle Indian industrial School for Native Americans. The school was intended to integrate Indian children into westerly society by educating them and transforming their cultural beliefs.Although founder Richard Henry Pratt had good intentions for the school, it ended up doing more destruction to the Indians than success assimilating them into American society. in front the assimilation of Indians can be fully understood, the history of the segregation of the red man must be established. Before the Civil War it had been accomplishable to imagine that Indians and whites could remain permanently separate from on another The depicted object census of this beat was that the minority ethnic groups did not belong in the same category as the Americans, and that they should remain a separate existence.The usual idea was that separation was the easier and safe way to deal with the ethnic differences kinda than entering into a group conflict. Native Americans were easier to separate into cultural groupings, because they were the ones who chose to do so. Blacks, Irish, and Native Americans alike, Hoxie asserts, In this compartmentalized society, minority groups wel contendd the opportunity to be socially isolated and culturally autonomous. As the whites expanded west contendd at long last towards calcium and Oregon, the separation between the two ethnic groups would no longer be possible.The natives, who once claimed the North American continent as their own, were different from the inductive reasoning of Americans. They were known as the others. Eventually, with the help of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the Indians were pushed behind to the west and thither was a line known as the Indian frontier. This inflict came with a promise that the white man would not desire this land for generations. But as the nation expanded, the indigenous people were forced onto smaller and smaller reservations, which restricted them economically.They were mostly restricted from fare and other resources. Brenda J. Child emphasizes this in her book Boarding School Seasons as she makes claims that the Ojibwe once made a lucrative profit farming rice, but were left with a fair amount of swampland after their allotments had been madeFew Nett Lakers were able to say adequate gardens, but traditionalistic subsistence activities, tourism, and off reservation labor maintained the band. As the struggle to maintain their niche increased, Indians would either set out to conform to society, or they would be mortified by it.The early relationship between Indians and whites was defined more like a war than the whites trying to work the Indians into society. Indian territories were often viewed as their own sovereign states rather than occupied American territory. Treaties were often agree upon in order to separate the red man from the white. Humanitarians believed that separation would concentrate the level of violence on the frontier and provide Indians with enough time to become civilized However, the civilization of Indians into American society would not carry on on its own once the ethnic groups were separated.Political action groups much(prenomi nal) as the Friends of the Indian were formed. These groups as surface as establishment officials started to salmagundi their beliefs into those that the American Indians should be assimilated. Paul Prucha mentions in the introduction of his book that government officials and well meaning humanitarians and missionaries had had a hand in the operation and had sought-after(a) the welfare of the Indians in their attempts to civilize and Christianize them, bringing them into conformity with the patterns of life that marked the white existence. The goal of these advocates was not only to destroy the Indian and pull through the American but more importantly they sought the deification that assimilated Native Americans would be proof that America was an open society and that by gratifying the wishes of society they could acquire social equality. Henry L. Dawes was one of the nifty put downs leading the Indian policy reform in the 19th century.Dawes served in the United Government th roughout his career he was a congressman, senator, and eventually chairman of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. He was an advocate for the allotment of land to the Indians, and the assimilation of the indigenous people into the non-Indian mainstream. He proposed the Dawes Act of 1887, which promote Indians to farm by allotting the head of house 160 acres of land. The land was private property, and small portions of it could be shared with members of the family.Dawes held strong opinions for the assimilation of Indians into white mans society, as he proclaimed in a speech to an Indian reform group in 1884, it were worth plot to consider whether we could not make something out of him, and for the first time in the whole history of our dealings with the Indians, within a few years, we take for attempted to make something out of him. In this speech he argues that the methods of waging war against the Indian has been failing, and was taking the lives of both the Indian and the w hite man.Instead he proposes that they be assimilated, and that the Native Americans can be useful in society. He later touches on educating the Native American children, stating, Take him as you do other children, and bring him up as you do other children. fostering then becomes a major factor in the assimilating the Native American people. The Idea that targeting the younger generation of the Indian population and constitution them into the mold of an give lessonsd white man became prevalent in assimilation techniques.Education of the Indians was the ultimate reform An increase of immigrants from Europe reflected a growth public support for education. Thus, if the children of the Indian were educated, they would catch on in American society and pave the way for future generations. Richard Henry Pratt was an outstanding figure in the Americanization of Native Americans. As a veteran of the Civil War, Pratt fought both alongside and against Indian warriors. He was a proponent o f educating the tribal people in order to kill the Indian, save the man.He was well aware of the capabilities of the Indian following his tour of duty with them on the battlefield. When the war was over, Pratt insisted that he took a group of Indian prisoners to Fort Marion in Florida and educate them as well as assimilating them into American culture. He had precious success as he educated them in English, Christianity, art, and culture. What brought the success was that he found work for the Indians around the predominately white St. Augustine area.He interested white benefactors in his cause and expressd his army superiors to assign him to the work of Indian education, where he could promote and expand the approach to Indian assimilation that he had begun so dramatically at fort Marion. Pratts motif was straightforward he wanted complete integration of the Indians into white society, and all of his actions were submitted towards that goal. His next project, The Carlisle Indian Industrial School, was by far his most famous and also disputable way of implementing Indians into society.His idea was to transform the abandoned Carlisle Military Barracks in Carlisle, pop into a embarkation school for Native Americans. It wasnt hard to persuade the government to jump on board with his idea, Said that the government was close to(predicate)(predicate) to adopt a new policy with the Indians that it believed the Indian youth dependent of acquiring the same education and industries as our white youth However, it was relatively difficult to persuade chiefs of various tribes to send their children away with Pratt.In his autobiography, Pratt tells a story about going out west to propose his idea to a chief named spotted tail and after his proposal he receives the response, We are not going to give any children to learn such ways Pratt refutes and claims that if it werent for the Indians ignorance and lack of education, the American Government would not be able to take advantage of the tribes if they were educated. The chiefs reconvened and after discussing decided to send their children. In a way, Pratt used slander to get the Indians to give up their children by telling them the kids would come back and contribute.However, Pratt did not want this, as his intentions were to fully integrate the red man into society. The Carlisle Boarding School was founded in 1879. It started with about a hundred Indians and over time expanded to about a thousand. It admitted both boys and girls. Upon arrival, students were required to disrobe from their native clothes and cut their hair. The cloths were loud, and Pratt mentions, It was the shoddiest of shoddy clothing. This was the first step towards the transformation to white culture. Although students were provided with an education, daily life was rough for students at Carlisle.Students had to wake early and drill. School schedules were grueling, and the students were often underfed. Sometimes the s chool seemed like more a labor camp as they were instructed to manage tasks such as The authority came, and, directed by the carpenter, the Indian boys delve the holes, set up the post, nailed on the rails and slats, and we soon had a meaty barrier which remained a satisfactory protection during my superintendency. The school may have taught Indians mechanical and agricultural skills as well as providing an education, but it decidedly was not as successful as Pratt Envisioned.There were many successes in the founding of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, but there were more mishaps. Advocates for boarding schools such as Pratt argued that the separation of Indian children from their families in combination of industrial training would reduce the tribalism in the individual. Brenda J. Child proposes, One of the worst ideas about how to best solve the Indian problem mandated the separation of American Indian families. Homesickness was extremely common in Indian boarding scho ol students, and often led to the students back lashing against authority, or running away from the school. disorder and death was also a very hard problem at boarding schools. Crowded conditions are the perfect medium for the spread of disease. depleted pox, chicken pox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and the common cold killed many of these children and crowding helped spread the diseases to the rest. Students with serious sicknesses were often sent home because if they died at the school, their reputation would be devastated. The problems seemed to outdo the advantages at boarding schools, and these factors contributed to the eventual dismissal of Richard Henry Pratt from the Superintendent position.Because Native Americans have always been distinctly different from the rest of society, efforts to assimilate Indians only into society have been abandoned. There have still been assimilation efforts in the twentieth century, but the ideals behind them have changed. The effort to kil l the Indian, save the man has been deemed impossible. Indian schools are successful in theory, but there is a reason that they failed and that Pratts unrealistic dream did not come true. Some argue that the efforts by reformers such as Dawes and Pratt were successful, but the honor is that many failures come with successes.As George Washington states, When one side only of a story is heard and often repeated, the human mind becomes strike with it insensibly. Bibliography Primary Sources Pratt, Richard H. Battlefield and classroom four decades with the American Indian, 1867-1904. okeh University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. Coleman, Michael C. American Indian Children at School, 1850-1930. n. d. Child, Brenda J. Boarding School Seasons American Indian Families, 1900-1940. Lincoln University of Nebraska Text, 1998. Hoxie, Frederick E. 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